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1. Shell Aliases

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This chapter is from the book 

UNIX for Mac OS X: Visual QuickPro Guide

This chapter is from the book

This chapter is from the book 

Shell Aliases

Shell aliases are shortcut names for commands. Each alias consists of one word (or even one letter) that you can use instead of a longer command line. For example, you may find yourself using the command ls -F a lot. You can easily make a shortcut for that command: lf, for example. So when you use lf where the shell expects a command, then the shell will substitute ls -F.

To see all your current aliases:

• alias

  The alias command with no arguments displays all your current aliases. The first item on each line is the alias (which must always be a single string, with no spaces), and the rest of the line is the full command for which the alias is a shortcut. Figure 7.9 shows the default aliases for the tcsh shell. You can see that the alias l is a shortcut for the command ls -lg. The first word on each line is the name of the alias; the rest of the line is what gets executed when the alias is used.

  Several of the aliases are more complicated. The aliases in Figure 7.9 are for the tcsh shell, and several of them make use of specific advanced features of that shell (see man tcsh for all of the available features). For example, the alias in Figure 7.9 called line expects two arguments (indicated by !:1 and !:2), while the alias called ll takes all of its arguments (indicated by !*) and inserts them into the middle of a command line.

  Figure 7.9 Using the alias command to see all currently set aliases. Shown are the default aliases for the tcsh shell.

You can create aliases at the command line or by adding them to a configuration file.

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Aliases created at the command line are only in effect for as long as you use that shell—that is, they disappear when you close that Terminal window. If you want an alias to always be available, you must put it in a con-figuration file.

To create an alias in tcsh or csh:

1. alias lf 'ls -F'

   This will create an alias called lf, which the shell will translate into ls -F whenever you use lf as a command. Make sure to enclose the last argument in quotes, either single or double, so that everything after the alias name is treated as a single entity.

   Check to see that the alias is set:

   The line

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   should be included in your aliases now.

   Tips

   • If you want to have an alias use arguments from the command line inside the alias definition, you can use !:1 for the first argument, !:2 for the second, and so on. But you must escape the ! in the alias definition. So to define an alias called myword that takes its first argument and searches for it inside the file ~/mydictionary, you would use

   • You could use that alias in this way:

     as a shortcut for

To create an alias in tcsh (or csh) that is set every time you start a shell:

1. Open your ~/.tcshrc file (for the csh shell use ~/.cshrc).

2. Add a line with the alias

3. Save the file.

4. Quit the editor.

   The new alias will be set for the next shell you start.

5. Open a new Terminal window to check that the alias is set:

   You should see your new alias in the resulting list.

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   TIP

   A set of example aliases for the tcsh shell are contained in the file /usr/share/tcsh/examples/aliases.

To create an alias in bash:

1. alias lf='ls -F'

   Note that there are no spaces before or after the equal sign.

2. alias

   The shell shows all your current aliases, including the one you just created. As with the tcsh shell, bash aliases created at the command line will disappear when you exit the shell.

To create an alias in bash that is set every time you start a shell:

1. Open your ~/.bash_profile file.

2. Add a line with the alias—for example, alias lf='ls -F'

3. Save the file.

4. Quit the editor.

   The new alias will be set for the next shell you start.

5. Open a new Terminal window to check that the alias is set:

   You should see your new alias in the list:

Shell functions

Unlike aliases in the tcsh shell, aliases in bash cannot have command-line arguments included in them. However, bash allows you to create shell functions, which can make use of their arguments.

The term shell function applies to series of shell command lines. This is similar to an alias, except that a shell function can be many lines long, and you may use the special variables $1 for the first argument, $2 for the second, and so on.

Shell functions should be defined in your ~/.bash_profile.

To create a shell function in bash:

1. Open your ~/.bash_profile.

   The entire function you will be entering is shown in Figure 7.10. This sample function looks up a word in two different files that make up a dictionary.

   Figure 7.10 Code listing of a bash shell function.

2. Enter the first line of the new function. In this example you are creating a function called 'word':

   The parentheses tell bash that this is a function definition. The bracket ({) marks the beginning of the commands in the function.

3. Enter the body of the function:

   Notice that the function can have more than one line of commands.

   The $1 is a variable that will be replaced with the first argument when you use the function in a command line. (Read the file /usr/share/dict/README for a description of the web2 and web2a files.)

4. Finish the function definition with a }. Double-check that what you entered looks like Figure 7.10.

5. Save the file.

6. Quit the editor.

   The new function will be in effect with the next Terminal window you open.

7. Open a new Terminal window.

8. Test the function by trying it on the command line. If you are using the example function from Figure 7.10, then the first argument you supply is used in the function. The function searches two different files for its first argument.

9. word auspic

   You should get the output shown in Figure 7.11. Your new shell function, word, takes its first argument (the $1 in the function) and searches for it in the two files. The function is really a short shell script (see Chapter 9, 'Creating and Using Scripts') but is part of your personal shell configuration.

   Figure 7.11 Using the new shell function to look up 'auspic' in the dictionary.

   
   

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An alias is a tiny file that automatically opens the file that it represents. Although an alias is technically an icon, it’s actually an icon that opens another icon automatically. You can put aliases in convenient places, such as on the Desktop, to help you easily open programs and files that you access often.

In effect, Microsoft stole the alias feature from Apple (if you’ve used Windows, you may know aliases as shortcuts). However, aliases usually don’t break when you move or rename the original file; shortcuts do.

An alias is different from a duplicated file. For example, the Microsoft Word 2004 application uses 19.4 megabytes (MB) of disk space. A duplicate of Microsoft Word 2004 would give you two files, each requiring nearly 20 megabytes of space on your hard drive. An alias of Microsoft Word 2004, on the other hand, uses a mere 52 kilobytes (KB).

Aliases can open any file or folder on any disk from anywhere else on any disk — which is a very good trick. But aliases are great for many other reasons:

• Convenience: Aliases enable you to make items appear to be in more than one place, which on many occasions is exactly what you want to do. For example, keeping an alias of your word processor on your Desktop and another on the Dock is convenient. You may even want a third alias of it in your Documents folder for quick access. Aliases enable you to open your word processor quickly and easily without navigating into the depths of your Applications folder each time that you need it.

• Flexibility and organization: You can create aliases and store them anywhere on your hard disk to represent the same document in several different folders. This is a great help when you need to file a document that can logically be stored in any one of several files. For example: If you write a memo to Fred Smith about the Smythe Marketing Campaign to be executed in the fourth quarter, which folder does the document go in? Smith? Smythe? Marketing? Memos? 4th Quarter? Correct answer: With aliases, it can go in all of them if you like. Then you can find the memo wherever you look, instead of guessing which folder you filed it in.

With aliases, it doesn’t matter. You can put the actual file in any folder and then create aliases of the file, placing them in any other applicable folder.

• Integrity: Some programs must remain in the same folder as their supporting files and folders. Many Classic programs, for example, don’t function properly unless they’re in the same folder as their dictionaries, thesauruses, data files (for games), templates, and so on. Thus, you can’t put the icon for those programs on the Desktop without impairing their functionality. An alias lets you access a program like that from anywhere on your hard disk.

Creating aliases

When you create an alias, its icon looks the same as the icon that it represents, but the suffix alias is tacked onto its name and a tiny arrow called a badge appears in the lower-left corner of its icon. Figure 1 shows both an alias and its parent icon (that is, the icon that opens if you open the alias).

Figure 1: An alias icon (right) and its parent.

To create an alias for an icon, do one of the following:

• Click the parent icon and choose File –> Make Alias.

• Click the parent icon and press Command+L.

• Click any file or folder, press and hold down the Command and Option keys, and then drag the file or folder while continuing to hold down the Command and Option keys.

Presto! An alias appears where you release the mouse button. Better still, aliases created this way don’t have that pesky alias suffix tacked onto them.

• Click an icon while holding down the Control key and then choose the Make Alias command from the contextual menu that appears.

The alias appears in the same folder as its parent.

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Deleting aliases

Deleting an alias is an easy chore. To delete an alias, simply drag it onto the Trash icon on the Dock. That’s it! You can also Control-click it and choose Move to Trash from the contextual menu that appears, or select the icon and use the keyboard shortcut Command+Delete.

Deleting an alias does not delete the parent item. (If you want to delete the parent item, you have to go hunt it down and kill it yourself.)

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Hunting down an alias’ parent

Suppose that you create an alias of a file, and later you want to delete both the alias and its parent file — but you can’t find the parent file? What do you do? Well, you can use the Finder’s Find function (try saying that three times real fast) to find it, but here are three faster ways to find the parent icon of an alias:

• Select the alias icon and choose File –> Show Original.

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• Select the alias icon and use the keyboard shortcut Command+R.

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• Control-click the alias icon and choose Show Original from the contextual menu.